How Do People Get Around in Japan? 2025 Transportation Guide

Japan’s public transportation is famously efficient, punctual, and far-reaching. If you’re planning a trip, you’ll find that transportation in Japan – from high-speed trains to local buses – makes it easy to get around without a car. In fact, 90% of the country’s population lives within 25 km of a train station. This guide will walk you through the best ways to travel around Japan: how to use trains (including the Shinkansen bullet trains), navigate city subways and buses, when to consider domestic flights or driving, and how to choose the right rail passes. We’ll also cover practical tips on IC cards, luggage, and etiquette so you can confidently get around Japan on your own itinerary.

Key Takeaways

• Shinkansen (bullet trains) are the fastest and most scenic way to travel between major cities.
• IC cards like Suica and PASMO make travel on trains, subways, and buses seamless.
• Local trains and city subways are punctual, clean, and easy to navigate.
• Domestic flights can be cheaper than trains for longer routes (like Okinawa or Hokkaido).
• Buses and taxis help connect areas not covered by train lines.
• Renting a car is useful in rural areas, but driving isn’t recommended in major cities.
• Japan’s public transport etiquette (lining up, staying quiet) is important to follow.
• Passes like the Japan Rail Pass or regional alternatives can save money.

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1. Overview of Japan’s Transportation System

Japan’s transportation system is among the most reliable and efficient in the world. The country is home to the famous Shinkansen (bullet train), extensive subway systems in every major city, thousands of local and regional rail lines, and convenient bus services—even in more rural regions. The signage is often in English and Japanese, making it relatively easy to navigate even if you don’t speak the language.

Most Japanese residents, especially in urban areas, don’t own cars and instead rely on trains, buses, bikes, and walking. This makes public transportation a natural and stress-free choice for both tourists and long-term residents.

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2. Long-Distance Travel

Shinkansen (Bullet Trains)

Japan’s Shinkansen network is world-famous for its speed, safety, and punctuality. Operated by Japan Railways (JR), these bullet trains can reach speeds of up to 320 km/h (200 mph) and connect major cities like Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto, Nagoya, Hiroshima, and Fukuoka.

There are several types of Shinkansen trains, including the faster Nozomi and Mizuho (not covered by the JR Pass) and the slightly slower Hikari and Sakura (JR Pass-compatible).

Key Facts:

• Tokyo to Osaka takes ~2 hours 30 minutes via Nozomi.
• Reserved and unreserved seats are available.
• Tickets can be purchased online, at machines, or at station counters.
• Luggage restrictions apply—large suitcases require prior seat reservations.

Regional Trains

Japan’s regional trains (also operated mostly by JR and other private companies) connect smaller cities, towns, and countryside areas not covered by the Shinkansen.

Notable Lines:

• Limited Express Trains (e.g., JR Thunderbird, JR Super Hakuto) – great for scenic, mid-range routes.
• Rapid and Local Trains – slower but ideal for short trips and commuting.

Regional trains are often the best way to access onsen towns, hiking areas, and less-touristy parts of Japan.

Domestic Flights

Domestic air travel is popular for covering long distances—especially to Okinawa or Hokkaido. Japan’s main domestic airlines are ANA and JAL, but budget carriers like Peach, Jetstar Japan, Skymark, and ZIPAIR (for international routes) offer competitive pricing.

Domestic Flight Tips:

• Book early for the best fares.
• Flights are usually punctual and efficient.
• Consider rail alternatives if your total door-to-door travel time is similar.

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3. Local and City Travel

Subways

Major cities like Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto, Nagoya, Fukuoka, and Sapporo have extensive subway systems. These are the fastest and most convenient way to get around dense urban areas.

Tokyo Subway:

• Operated by two companies: Tokyo Metro and Toei Subway.
• Covers nearly every district, including Shibuya, Shinjuku, Ginza, and Asakusa.
• Trains come every 2–4 minutes during rush hour.
• Fares start at around ¥180, increasing based on distance.

Osaka Subway:

• Run by Osaka Metro.
• Covers Umeda, Namba, Shin-Osaka, and more.
• Well-connected to JR and private rail lines.

Stations are clean, safe, and equipped with elevators, escalators, and multilingual signage. Touchscreen ticket machines support English, Chinese, and Korean.

Local Trains

Outside of subway networks, local surface trains connect suburbs to city centers and link different regions.

Examples:

• JR Yamanote Line (Tokyo): Loops around central Tokyo and connects to nearly every subway line.
• Tokyu and Odakyu lines: Serve western Tokyo neighborhoods.
• Hankyu and Hanshin lines: Popular in the Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto area.

Buses

City buses supplement rail services in areas with fewer train connections—especially in cities like Kyoto and Sapporo.

How to Ride:

• In most cities, board through the rear and exit through the front.
• Pay when you get off (with cash or IC card).
• Kyoto’s bus system is popular for temple-hopping, but can be crowded.

Buses are generally on time and clean, though they’re slower than trains due to traffic.

Taxis and Ride-Sharing

Taxis in Japan are clean, safe, and driven by licensed professionals—but they’re not cheap.

Base Fare:

• Starts at around ¥420–¥700 depending on the city.
• Fare increases with time and distance.

Ride-Sharing Apps:

• Uber operates in a limited capacity.
• JapanTaxi and S.Ride are widely used and offer better integration with local fleets.
• No tip is required—just say “thank you” when exiting.

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4. Driving in Japan

Driving in Japan is generally not recommended in major cities due to narrow roads, limited parking, and excellent public transportation. However, renting a car can be a good option in rural areas like Hokkaido, Okinawa, the Japanese Alps, or Kyushu where train access is limited.

Requirements:

• International Driving Permit (IDP): Based on the 1949 Geneva Convention. Must be obtained in your home country before arrival.
• Driver’s License: Must also carry your home country’s driver’s license with the IDP.
• Driving Side: Japan drives on the left.

Cost:

• Rental: From ¥5,000/day.
• Tolls: Expressways are tolled and can cost ¥1,000–¥4,000 per trip.
• Gas: ~¥170/liter in 2025.
• ETC card (electronic toll collection) is often provided with rentals.

Parking:

• Rarely free in cities.
• Coin-operated lots are common.
• Illegally parked cars will be ticketed or towed.

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5. Walking and Cycling

Japan is a pedestrian-friendly country with clean, safe, and well-maintained sidewalks. Many attractions are best explored on foot, especially in historical areas like Kyoto, Nara, or Kanazawa.

Cycling:

• Biking is common in cities, towns, and countryside areas.
• Most cities offer bike-sharing programs (e.g., Docomo Bike Share in Tokyo).
• Helmets are encouraged but not legally required for adults (as of 2025).
• Always park in designated areas—improper parking can result in removal and a fine.

Tip: Google Maps in Japan has excellent walking and cycling navigation.

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6. IC Cards and Rail Passes

IC Cards

These rechargeable smart cards are the easiest way to pay for transport (and even small purchases at vending machines, convenience stores, and some restaurants).

Most Common IC Cards:

• Suica (JR East – Tokyo region)
• PASMO (Tokyo private rail/subway)
• ICOCA (JR West – Kansai)
• Kitaca, TOICA, SUGOCA, manaca, nimoca, and more

These cards are interoperable, meaning you can use a Suica card in Osaka or an ICOCA card in Tokyo.

Where to Get One:

• Ticket machines at major stations
• Airports (Narita, Haneda, Kansai)
• Reload at convenience stores or machines

Initial Cost: ~¥2,000 (¥500 deposit + ¥1,500 balance)

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Japan Rail Pass

The Japan Rail Pass is available only to temporary visitors and offers unlimited travel on most JR trains, including Shinkansen (except Nozomi and Mizuho), for a fixed period.

Options:

• 7-day: ~¥50,000
• 14-day: ~¥80,000
• 21-day: ~¥100,000

Must be purchased before you arrive in Japan (or through the official JR site). Prices increased in 2023 but still offer value for long-distance traveler

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Japan Rail Pass

The Japan Rail Pass is available only to temporary visitors and offers unlimited travel on most JR trains, including Shinkansen (except Nozomi and Mizuho), for a fixed period.

Options:

• 7-day: ~¥50,000
• 14-day: ~¥80,000
• 21-day: ~¥100,000

Must be purchased before you arrive in Japan (or through the official JR site). Prices increased in 2023 but still offer value for long-distance travelers.

Regional Passes:

• Kansai Wide Area Pass
• JR East Tohoku Area Pass
• Hokuriku Arch Pass

These can be cheaper and more targeted for specific trips.

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7. Etiquette Tips

Japanese transportation is clean, quiet, and respectful. Following local etiquette makes the experience smoother for everyone.

Key Rules:

• Queue up at platform markings. No crowding or pushing.
• Priority seating is designated for elderly, disabled, pregnant women, and those with infants. Offer your seat.
• No phone calls on trains or buses. Set your phone to silent (manner mode).
• No loud conversations—speak quietly.
• Don’t eat or drink on local trains. On long-distance trains like the Shinkansen, eating is acceptable.
• Escalator etiquette: Stand on the left, walk on the right (Tokyo). It’s reversed in places like Osaka.

Understanding and respecting these customs is seen as a sign of cultural awareness and courtesy.

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8. FAQs

Q: Do I need a car to travel in Japan?

A: No. Most areas—especially cities—are easily accessible by train or bus. A car is only useful in remote regions.

Q: Are Japan’s trains and buses foreigner-friendly?

A: Yes. Signs and announcements are often in English, and staff are usually helpful. Most ticket machines have English language options.

Q: Can I use one IC card across the country?

A: Yes. Most IC cards are compatible nationwide across different operators and regions.

Q: Is the Japan Rail Pass worth it?

A: It depends on your itinerary. If you plan to travel between cities frequently (e.g., Tokyo ⇄ Kyoto ⇄ Hiroshima), it offers excellent savings. If you're staying in one city, it may not be worth it.

Q: Are taxis expensive in Japan?

A: Yes. They’re clean and safe but costly. Use them for short trips, late-night travel when trains stop, or if you're carrying lots of luggage.

Q: What time do trains stop running?

A: Most city trains and subways stop around midnight. Night buses and taxis are alternatives after that.

Q: Are night buses a good option?

A: Yes, for long-distance budget travel. Willer Express and JR Bus offer comfortable overnight routes between major cities.

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Final Thoughts

Whether you're racing through the country on a bullet train or strolling the backstreets of Kyoto on foot, Japan’s transportation system is built for smooth, safe, and efficient travel. It’s one of the few places in the world where you can confidently explore without a car.

With the right IC card, a sense of etiquette, and maybe a rail pass, you’ll be able to unlock every corner of Japan—from neon-lit cities to serene mountain towns—with minimal hassle.

Plan ahead, ride smart, and enjoy the journey.